(Image source from: Pakistan's nuke warheads aimed at deterring India from taking military action against it})

A recent Congressional report has said that, Pakistan's nuclear warheads, which are estimated to be between 110-130 are aimed at deterring India from taking military action against it. The report expressed concern that Islamabad's "full spectrum deterrence" doctrine has increased the risk of nuclear conflict between the two South Asian neighbours.

"Pakistan's nuclear arsenal probably consists of approximately 110-130 nuclear warheads, although it could have more. Islamabad is producing fissile material, adding to related production facilities, deploying additional nuclear weapons, and new types of delivery vehicles," Congressional Research Service (CRS) said in its latest report.

"Pakistan has in recent years taken a number of steps to increase international confidence in the security of its nuclear arsenal," said the CRS report authored by Paul K Kerr and Mary Beth Nikitin.

"However, the instability in Pakistan has called the extent and durability of these reforms into question. Some observers fear a radical takeover of the Pakistani government or diversion of material or technology by personnel within Pakistan's nuclear complex," the CRS said.

Pakistani and US officials argue that, since the 2004 revelations about a procurement network run by former Pakistani nuclear official AQ Khan, Islamabad has taken a number of steps to improve its nuclear security and to prevent further proliferation of nuclear-related technologies and materials, the report said.

The 28-page report says that, Pakistan's nuclear arsenal is widely regarded as designed to dissuade India from taking military action against it, but Islamabad's expansion of its nuclear arsenal, development of new types of nuclear weapons and adoption of a doctrine called "full spectrum deterrence" have led some observers to express concern about an increased risk of nuclear conflict between Pakistan and India.

CRS says that, Pakistan has asserted that, continued exclusion of the country from the NSG "would adversely affect regional peace, security and stability," as well as "undermine the global non-proliferation regime."

The CRS also said that a number of important initiatives, such as strengthened export control laws, improved personnel security and international nuclear security cooperation programs, have improved Pakistan’s nuclear security,.

CRS is the independent research wing of the US Congress, which prepares periodic reports by eminent experts on a wide range of issues so as to help lawmakers take informed decisions. But, reports of CRS are not considered as an official view of the US Congress.

By Premji